Excerpt

First pages of the volume, freely accessible.

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1930s The New Deal The Great Depression The Economic Crisis The Financial Crisis The Stock Market Crash ####### The Stock Market Collapse ######## The Stock Market Decline ######### The Stock Market Stabilization ########## The Stock Market Recovery ########### The Stock Market Reopening ############ The Stock Market Reopening ############# The Stock Market Reopening ############## The Stock Market Reopening ############### The Stock Market Reopening ################ The Stock Market Reopening ################# The Stock Market Reopening ################## The Stock Market Reopening ################### The Stock Market Reopening #################### The Stock Market Reopening ##################### The Stock Market Reopening ###################### The Stock Market Reopening ####################### The Stock Market Reopening ######################## The Stock Market Reopening ######################### The Stock Market Reopening ########################## The Stock Market Reopening 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$\text{art}$ $\text{DECORATIVE}$ $\text{art}$ $1 \ 9 \ 4 \ 9$

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DECORATIVE OPPOSITE: Vermetus radicula, the Worm Shell. (Photograph by Ruth Bernhard.)

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ART The Studio Year Book – 1949 Editors: RATHBONE HOLME and KATHLEEN M. FROST THE STUDIO PUBLICATIONS LONDON and NEW YORK

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acknowledgments The Editors wish to express their grateful thanks to all the designers, architects and manufacturers, who, by providing photographs and much detailed information, have made the production of this volume possible. Appreciation is also due to our special correspondents and friends overseas: Mr D. W. Buchanan (Canada), Mr Sten Moller (Denmark), Mrs G. L. de Snellman-Jaderholm (Finland), the Editor of Domus (Italy), Mr Stig Björkman (Sweden), Mr Egidius Streiff (Switzerland), Mr Bryan Holme (U.S.A.); to Gustavsberg’s Studio and ‘Svenska Hem’ who made possible the reproduction in colour of the Swedish plates on pages 73, 77, 80 and 105, and to Miss Mary Gilbert of The British Electrical Development Association, Mr Frank Yerbury, The Design and Research Centre for the Gold, Silver and Jewellery Industries and The Swedish International Press Bureau, all of whom loaned photographs and gave valuable assistance. PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN BY W. S. COWELL LTD, AT THE BUTTER MARKET, IPSWICH. PUBLISHED IN LONDON BY THE STUDIO LTD, 66 CHANDOS PLACE, W.C.2, AND IN NEW YORK BY THE STUDIO PUBLICATIONS INC., 381 FOURTH AVENUE.

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Introduction by R. W. Symonds New Houses and Apartments 16 Interiors: - Living Rooms 28 - Dining Rooms 37 - Cocktail Bars 40 - Bedrooms 42 Furniture 44 Ceramics 70 Tableware 82 Glass 90 Metalware 98 Textiles 104 Decoration 112 Electrics 122 Index 128 Page 6 contents

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Introduction There have been so many phases of architectural growth, so many new conceptions in the design and construction of buildings and their interior decoration throughout the world during the first half of this century, that the editors consider it to be of interest and value to readers to summarize in review the outstanding developments witnessed by The Studio Year Book since its inception forty-four years ago. To this end R. W. Symonds, who introduced the last number and whose specialist knowledge of the history of architecture, interior decoration and furniture is so well established, again writes the introduction. He reviews the achievements and changes wrought during this period and his comments are illustrated by selected reproductions from earlier volumes of Decorative Art. THE EDITORS --- BY R. W. SYMONDS The Studio Year Book has been keeping a continual record of the English house and its furniture since 1906. Now, half-way through the century, we can see more clearly the changes that have taken place in architecture and decoration during this period. The conclusion of World War II marks an epoch. Between that event and the beginning of the century there have been three coronations, two World Wars, the decline of the greatest of modern Empires, the rise of socialism. The 19th century has been called a century of stupendous progress; the 20th century, so far, has been one of stupendous change. The period of 1890 up to the outbreak of war in 1914 was the heyday of the English architect. Never had he been so busy. This activity was mainly due to the building of country and town mansions for the still expanding class of wealthy manufacturers. These newcomers, at the monopolistic stage of British industry, wanted a country seat similar to the old mansion homes of the English nobility and landed gentry. The demand for new palatial country homes (apart from enlarging and modernizing many old ones—a most necessary undertaking, for few of them had bathrooms) soon brought about a school of English architects, prominent amongst whom were such men as Reginald Blomfield, Guy Dawber and Edwin Lutyens. The problem of the design of these houses was solved by the outlook of the period. The client wanted his country home to recall ‘the quiet beauty of bygone days’, and this, to most architects, was interpreted by a house with gables and tall chimneys in a setting of ancient trees, formal gardens with terraces, and lily ponds. At first the Tudor style of house was much in favour; later the Wren and Georgian were adopted. In considering this late 19th- and early 20th-century picturesque phase of English architecture, it must be remembered that there was little that was sham about it. The houses were of a traditional construction and built of traditional, and often of local, materials. The walls, whether of stone or brick, were weight bearing. Some architects undoubtedly were guilty of encasing a rolled steel joist in wood to represent a wooden beam; and in smaller country houses, for less wealthy clients, sham half-timbering was sometimes used. But in the case of large country mansions for those in the millionaire class, the architect employed only fine craftsmanship and used the best quality materials throughout. Joinery in the form of panelling and staircases, metal and bronze work, stained glass, and plaster work, were all of careful and individual design, either made by the architect himself, or by a specialist who was called in. Artists and sculptors were likewise enlisted to design or execute mural paintings and stone or marble work. In planning this type of large country house, the architects made their decisions in the light of the social needs of the time. What was required was a house for a large family, and for the entertainment of many guests. The approximate size of the staff for running one of these country homes would be, at least, thirty indoor servants, with a further ten in the

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The wealthy industrialists’ home designed to recall ‘the quiet beauty of bygone days’ which to most architects ‘was interpreted by a house with gables and tall chimneys in a setting of ancient trees, formal gardens with terraces . . .’ Merrievale Court, Lincolnshire. Architect: William Hunt. stables, and with no less than thirty gardeners. The plan would consist of a large drawing-room (possibly two), dining-room, library, billiard-room, morning room, study, boudoir and suites of bedrooms with bathrooms. One of the results of building this traditional style of house was that hand craftsmen, on the point of extinction in an ever-increasing mechanical age, were given an unexpected extension of life. Encouragement was also given to artist-craftsmen in metal, stained glass, plaster and stone. In addition, Royal Academy portrait and picture painters were patronized, for the owner of the mansion would commission a portrait of himself, his wife, and his children, and also purchase large landscape and subject pictures for the decoration of his rooms. The furnishing of these homes was not so felicitous. In the last decade of the 19th century, modern furniture was purchased from the large stores. The design was not particularly good, being often in the nouveau art style, recently introduced from the Continent. The best furniture of this period was that inspired by the Arts and Crafts movement which had come about mainly through the teachings of William Morris. In the first decade of the 20th century, however, the collecting of old furniture became fashionable, with the result that the modern furniture craftsman suffered, and the Arts and Crafts movement after 1911–12 practically ceased to exist. Antique furniture was little understood in those days, and a considerable quantity of faked furniture was fostered on the wealthy. This craze for the antique brought about a demand for reproductions of Jacobean, Queen Anne and Chippendale, which were now sold in large quantities, both to the upper and middle class by the furniture stores. In this period, there were various levels of competency and imagination in the work of architects and designers. Some architects had considerable sensibility for design, and their houses were not merely copies of the past. Others had a greater understanding for, and taste in, the use and combination of building materials, and this, too, gave their work some quality and distinction. They were men of creative ability in a rather dull age, and they endowed their work with an original quality. Many architects of this period, on the other hand, were content to make an uninspired and indifferent crib of a period house, using all the component parts—gables, windows, chimney stacks—of past styles, but A ‘craze for the antique brought about a demand for reproductions of Jacobean, Queen Anne and Chippendale’. Jacobean dresser in oak designed and made by Bartholomew & Fletcher. BELOW: House at St George’s Hill, Surrey. Architects: Castle & Warren.