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THE STUDIO FOUNDED IN 1893 VOL. 98 NO. 438 SEPTEMBER 1929 2/- net THE MIRROR OF ACHIEVEMENT
Excerpt
First pages of the volume, freely accessible.
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“THE STUDIO” VOL. 98 SEPTEMBER 1929 No. 438 EDITED BY GEOFFREY HOLME CONTENTS Title --- Author --- Page --- The Problem of the Great City --- The City of To-morrow --- by Oliver P. Bernard --- The Way of To-morrow and the Traffic Problem --- by Frank Pick --- Across a Greco is Written --- by Charles Demuth --- Water-colours by Charles Demuth --- by Henry McBride --- Interior Decoration—1930 --- by Marcel Valotaire --- Meier-Graefe on Renoir --- Eugene Atget --- by Berenice Abbott --- Drawings by Hokusai --- The Manuscript Painting --- by William Gaunt --- An American Phenomenon --- by Walter Gutman --- Current Events in the Art World—London, Berlin, Munich --- Reviews --- Stained Glass Windows by Miss W. M. Geddes --- by Bernard Rackham --- An Auction Causerie --- by A. C. R. Carter --- SUPPLEMENTS Title --- Author --- Page --- “Lithograph” --- by Vertes Frontispiece --- Old Oltenian Carpet --- “Longhi on Broadway” --- by Charles Demuth --- “Landscape” --- by Paul Cezanne --- “Drawing” --- by Hokusai --- “The Feast of the King of Yaman” --- by Aga Riza --- PHOTOGRAPHS, ORIGINALS AND ARTICLES are sent at owner’s risk. All should bear full names and addresses, and should be accompanied by return postage. All articles and notes must be typewritten. PERSONAL ENQUIRIES should be accompanied by a stamped and addressed envelope. CONTRIBUTORS are urged to submit photographs, in the first instance, rather than originals. SELECTION is made on merit alone. No fees are accepted for the inclusion of work. THE EDITOR CAN ONLY BE SEEN BY APPOINTMENT Telephone: Gerrard 3267-8 Telegrams: Rhombic PUBLISHED BY THE STUDIO Ltd., 44 Leicester Sq., London, W.C.2 SUBSCRIPTION RATES HOME 2s. per copy. 28s. per annum, post free. Bound vol. 155. OVERSEAS British Dominions, India, Countries in Postal Union, 30s. post free. Canada, 26s. post free. Germany (F. A. Brockhaus, 16 Quertsr., Leipzig), Mks. 26 post free. France (Librairie D’Art Louis Reynaud, 18 Rue de la Bucherie, Paris 5), Frs. 170 post free. Italy (Galleria Pesaro, Via Manzoni 12a, Milan), L.168 post free. U.S.A. (Published by A. & C. Boni Inc., 66 Fifth Avenue, New York, under the title “Creative Art,”) $7.50 post free. ADVERTISEMENT DEPARTMENT of The Studio Ltd., 44 Leicester Square, W.C.2. ADVERTISEMENT RATES for un-displayed advertisements — 7s. 6d. for 32 words, 1s. for each eight or less beyond. Copy by 1st of month prior to publication. Displayed advertisement rates on application. REPLIES to Box Numbers 1s. extra. NO RESPONSIBILITY accepted for loss of or damage to designs, etc., sent in response to advertisements. --- CONTENTS OF NEXT ISSUE WYNDHAM LEWIS ON THE FUTURE OF ART IN AMERICA. THE ETCHING OF C. R. W. NEVINSON. MACHINEWORK AND HANDWORK: By Peter Mueller-Munk, an American designer. MODERN ITALIAN CERAMICS. THE LAY-OUT FOR “BULLDOG DRUMMOND.” THE PAINTINGS OF CANALETTO: By Osbert Sitwell. ENGLISH ARCHITECTURE AS I SEE IT: By Bruno Taut, the famous German architect. PHOTOGRAPHY BY PAUL STRAND. THE AERO SHOW—THE INFLUENCE OF THE AIR ON DESIGN.
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PUBLISHERS BY APPOINTMENT TO HIS MAJESTY THE KING ESTABLISHED 1760 AMERICAN ETCHERS ERNEST D. ROTH ALFRED HUTTY LOUIS C. ROSENBERG DONALD SHAW MACLAUGHLAN JOHN TAYLOR ARMS ARTHUR HEINTZELMAN CHILDE HASSAM TROY KINNEY PHILIP KAPPEL KERR EBY ETC. IN TWELVE VOLUMES EACH VOLUME DEVOTED TO AN INDIVIDUAL ETCHER, CONTAINING AN INTRODUCTION BY A COMPETENT CRITIC: A CATALOGUE OF THE ARTIST’S PUBLISHED PLATES: TWELVE FULL PAGE ILLUSTRATIONS FROM THE ARTIST’S WORK, ETC., ETC. LIMITED EDITION 75 copies (70 for sale) of each volume containing an ORIGINAL ETCHING signed by the Artist, printed on Oland Handmade Paper, bound Natural Linen. Size : 9 x 12 inches £10 per volume ORDINARY EDITION (without original etching) on Louvain Laid Paper, bound paper covered boards 12s. 6d. per volume TRADE AND CONTINENTAL PRICES ON APPLICATION PUBLISHED BY T. SPENCER HUDSON, NEW YORK SOLE EUROPEAN AGENTS P. AND D. COLNAGHI AND CO. 144, 145, 146 NEW BOND STREET LONDON, W. I. Telegram: COLNAGHI, WESDO, LONDON. Telephone: MAYFAIR 6356 (3 lines) AD. 1
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RECENT PUBLICATIONS BEHNE, ADOLF. “Der Moderne Zweckbau.” Illustrated. (Berlin Drei Masken Verlag, A.G.) BRAGAGLIA, ANTON GIULIO. “Del Teatro Teatrale ossia Del Teatro.” (Rome: Edizioni Tiber.) COCKERELL, DOUGLAS. “Some Notes on Bookbinding.” With line drawings by Doris Meyer. (Humphrey Milford.) DAVENPORT, CYRIL. “Beautiful Books.” 16 illustrations, 2 plates in colour and 1 in monotone. 6s. net. (Methuen & Co., Ltd.) LE CORBUSIER. “The City of To-morrow.” Translated from the 8th French Edition of “Urbanisme” with an introduction by Frederick Etchells. (John Rodker.) MANNING-SANDERS, JOAN. “Drawings and Paintings by John Manning-Sanders.” 21s. net. (Faber & Faber, Ltd.) MORAND, DEXTER. “Minor Architecture of Suffolk.” Series one. (John Tiranti & Co.) PROPERTY COMPANIES’ YEAR BOOK FOR 1928, THE. “The Property Companies’ Year Book for 1928.” Edited by Alfred Ornstein. 7s. 6d. net. (Simpkin Marshall, Ltd.) ROCHEMONT, RUTH DE. “Evolution of Art.” Illustrated. 25s. net. (New York: The Macmillan Company.) SELF-DEVELOPING IN DRAWING. “Self-development in Drawing as interpreted by the genius of Romano Dazzi and other children.” Illustrated. (G. P. Putnam’s Sons.) SMITH, F.R., F.R.S.A. “Design as applied to Arts and Crafts.” (Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd.) SQUIRE, EILEEN AND J. C. “Pride and Prejudice.” A play adapted from Jane Austen’s novel. (Wm. Heinemann, Ltd.) TODD, DOROTHY AND RAYMOND MORTIMER. “The New Interior Decoration.” An introduction to its principles and international survey of its methods. (B. T. Batsford, Ltd.) --- ALEX. REID & LEFÈVRE, LTD. THE LEFÈVRE GALLERIES —ALWAYS ON VIEW— Fine Paintings by British and French Modern Masters CEZANNE --- DAUMIER --- PICASSO --- SEURAT --- DEGAS --- MANET --- RENOIR --- UTRILLO --- DERAIN --- MATISSE --- SISLEY --- VAN GOGH --- CAMERON --- FERGUSSON --- McBEY --- PEPLOE --- Also ORIGINAL ETCHINGS BY BRITISH MODERN ARTISTS --- 1a KING STREET, ST. JAMES’S, LONDON, S.W. 1 And 117 WEST GEORGE STREET, GLASGOW Telegrams & Cables: “DRAWINGS, LONDON.” Telephone: GERRARD 8463 AD. II
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--- New Etching by S. M LITTEN Edition limited to 80 Proofs. JAMES CONNELL & SONS, LTD. 47 OLD BOND STREET :: LONDON, W. and at 75 St. Vincent Street, Glasgow. --- “Mater Dolorosa” El Greco Price - £2 : 12 : 6 PRINTS Please send for list of coloured reproductions after Cézanne, Van Gogh, Matisse, Renoir, also Medici and other Old Master prints. Picture Framing. BOOKS On Art and all General Subjects. Bookbinding. Gallery available for private exhibitions. F. J. WARD 1 BAKER STREET, LONDON, W.1 Telephone: Welbeck 3747 --- THE FINE ART SOCIETY LIMITED ~ FINE ETCHINGS AND ENGRAVINGS BY OLD AND MODERN MASTERS PAINTINGS WATER-COLOURS AND BRONZE STATUETTES BY LEADING ARTISTS FINE OLD SPORTING PRINTS RESTORATIONS UNDERTAKEN ~ 148 NEW BOND STREET, LONDON, W.1. --- CONVENIENT MODERN FURNITURE Specially designed for a small room. This furniture is made to endure years of wear and every year its value will increase. Write for particulars. THE RUSSELL WORKSHOPS LTD. BROADWAY, WORCESTERSHIRE --- AD. III
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ART EXHIBITIONS LONDON.—BROOK STREET ART GALLERY, 14 Brook Street, W. Drypoints of Game Birds by Robert Denholm. Open till August 31. Ship models in glass; Summer Exhibition of English Water-colours. Open till August 28. Water-colours by Mrs. Edith H. Thompson, V. F. Pinder-Thompson, R. E. T. Allen and Miss Goff. Open September 9 to 24. BARBIZON HOUSE, 9 Henrietta Street, Cavendish Square, W.1. Portraits by Old English Masters, Reynolds, Raeburn, Beechey, Hogarth, Hudson and others. Landscapes by Nasmyth and Bellotto, and a few Italian Primitives. Open till October. BRITISH MUSEUM. Japanese Screen Paintings. Open till end of year. GOUPIL GALLERY, 5 Regent Street, S.W.1. Summer Exhibition of Modern Oil Paintings and Fine Engravings by Masters of the 15th and 16th century. Open during August. REDFERN GALLERY, 27 Old Bond Street, W.1. Summer Salon. Open till September 28. Paintings by Hal Woolf. Open September 19 to October 12. REID, ALEX AND LEFEVRE, LTD., 1a King Street, St. James’s, S.W.1. Paintings by Sir D. Y. Cameron, James McBey, Ben and Winifred Nicholson. Open during September. ST. GEORGE’S GALLERY, 32a George Street, Hanover Square, W.1. Sculpture by Pompon; Drawings by British and French sculptors; Maillot, Despieu, Poupelet, Bernard, Epstein, Gill, Moore, Dobson, etc. Open during September. WALKER’S GALLERIES, 118 New Bond Street, W.1. 25th Annual Exhibition. Early English Water-colours. Open till September 28. LINCOLN.—USHER ART GALLERY. Exhibitions of Paintings by Gerald F. Kelly, A.R.A. Autumn Exhibition of Modern Art. Open August and September. MANCHESTER.—CITY ART GALLERY. Works by Ernest and Dod Procter. Open till September 14. WEST HARTLEPOOL.—MUNICIPAL ART GALLERY. Exhibition of Lino-cuts in colour by R. L. Howey, with the whole process of production illustrated from the preliminary sketch through all the stages of printing, together with the tools used. Open during August. BRUSSELS.—PALAIS DES BEAUX ARTS. International Exhibition of popular Arts. Open during August and September. NOTE.—The Editor will be pleased to receive particulars of any Art Exhibition, Competitions, Lectures and other announcements likely to be of interest to readers, which should reach him by the 1st of the month of publication (i.e., the month previous to that named on the cover). --- BRONZES Gilbert Bayes, Harry Bates, Reid Dick, Sir W. Goscombe John, Lord Leighton, Alfred Stevens, Sir Hamo Thornycroft, S. M. Wiens, and after the Antique. — THE RUSSELL GALLERY 92 & 93 Great Russell Street London, W.C.1 Museum 1992 Illustrated Catalogue --- Approved “One” Man Shows HELD AT The Brook Street Art Gallery, Ltd. 14 BROOK STREET, W. (Three doors from New Bond Street) --- Tunbridge Wells Arts & Crafts Society, 1929. An Exhibition will be held in the Corn Exchange from October 17th to 23rd. of Oil Paintings, Water-Colours, Black and White, Architectural Design, Photography, Needlework, Weaving, Lace, Carving, Modelling, Bookbinding, Enamels, Jewellery, Metal Work, Pottery, etc. Particulars from Mrs C. TATTERSHALL DODD, Grosvenor Lodge Studio, Tunbridge Wells. --- OLD DUDLEY ART SOCIETY 104 (open) EXHIBITION ALPINE CLUB GALLERY Receiving Day, 16th September, 1929 Apply Secretary, Royston, The Avenue, Bushey, Herts --- Applied Arts & Handcrafts Exhibition ROYAL HORTICULTURAL HALL The dates of this year’s Exhibition are from November 26th until December 6th Full particulars can be obtained from the Organisers, 25 Eastcastle Street, London, W.1. --- THE MORRIS-SINGER ART BRONZE FOVNDRY SCULPTORS WORKS ARE FAITHFULLY REPRODUCED BY SAND OR CIRE PERDV PROCESS AT MINIMUM COST COLOSSAL STATIVES STATVETTES RELIEF PANELS & TABLETS MORRIS-POSS, ROCHESTER KOM. PETRITCHER SWI TELEPHONE VICTORIA 207 --- AD. IV
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PERCY S. CANE GARDEN ARCHITECT 2 Westminster Palace Gardens London, S.W.1 --- International Exhibition of Modern Decorative Art ROYAL PALACE MONZA (Milan) APRIL -- OCTOBER, 1930 For information apply to the First Secretary, Mr. Carlo A. Felice, Via Gaetano Negri, 10, Milan. Organisers for Great Britain, The Studio Publications, 44 Leicester Square, London, W.C.2 AD. V
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"Why a new movement? One should by right reverse the question and ask: Why not a new movement? All those who work at all strive to improve on what has already been attained . . . and the more productive the worker the greater his effort for improvement." Bruno Taut. THE KEYSTONE OF PRESENT-DAY EFFORT MODERN ARCHITECTURE A BOOK FOR THE TWENTIETH CENTURY ARCHITECT, ENGINEER, AND AVERAGE MAN AND WOMAN . . . WRITTEN BY BRUNO TAUT, THE FAMOUS MODERN ARCHITECT . . . . . DESCRIBING THE WONDERFUL NEW MOVEMENT FROM ITS BEGINNINGS IN THE XIXth CENTURY TO ITS MOST RECENT PHASE IN EUROPE AND AMERICA . ILLUSTRATED BY HUNDREDS OF REPRODUCTIONS OF MODERN BUILDINGS . MEDIUM QUARTO Cloth 30s. Ready September 25 THE STUDIO LIMITED, 44 LEICESTER SQUARE, W.C.2 AD. VI
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A Treatise on Etching By MAXIME LALANNE. Complete exposition of the processes employed, with 10 illustrative full-page plates by the author, who bears the reputation of being one of the greatest of etchers. “This book will be a treasure to Art Lovers.” Translated by S. R. KOEHLER, with an Introductory Chapter and Notes by the Translator. Cloth 15/- net. Postage 6d. Sent on approval. Quote Offer 233 FOYLES for BOOKS On Fine and Applied Arts W. & G. Foyle, Ltd., Charing Cross Rd., London, W.C.2. Gerrard 9310 --- SHARMID ARTISTS’ AGENTS 6 Wells Street We are interested to see coloured drawings suitable for reproduction also book jackets, black and white illustrations for commercial purposes and illustrated papers, etc. Jermyn Street S.W.1 --- With 141 Illustrations. Crown 4to. 12s. 6d. net, postage 9d. ANATOMY FOR ARTISTS Being an Explanation of Surface Form. By E. WOLFF, F.R.C.S.Eng. Anatomy Demonstrator, University of London. Drawings by G. CHARLTON “ . . . complete yet concise.” —The Studio. LONDON: H. K. Lewis & Co. Ltd., 136 Gower St., W.C.1 --- A SELECTION FROM THE ARTISTIC CRAFT SERIES Edited by W. R. LETHABY & F. MORLEY FLETCHER HERALDRY For Craftsmen and Designers BY SIR W. H. ST. JOHN HOPE, LITT.D., D.C.L. In small crown 8vo, artistically bound quarter cloth, 24 Half-tone Reproductions from ancient examples, 8 coloured plates, 300 diagrams and designs, 432 pp. 12s. 6d. net. DRESS DESIGN BY TALBOT HUGHES An Account of Costume for Artists and Dressmakers Illustrated by the Author from Old Examples, together with 35 pp. half-tone and 400 black and white illustrations. In small crown 8vo, artistically bound quarter cloth, 362 pp. 12s. 6d. net. WOOD-BLOCK PRINTING BY F. MORLEY FLETCHER A Description of the Craft of Woodcutting and Colour-Printing based on the Japanese Practice In small crown 8vo, artistically bound quarter cloth, 23 Full-page half-tone Reproductions, 132 pp. 8s. 6d. net. WRITING AND ILLUMINATING AND LETTERING BY EDWARD JOHNSTON In small crown 8vo, artistically bound quarter cloth, 500 pp. 227 illustrations and diagrams by the Author and Noel Rooke, 24 pp. half-tone reproductions. Fourteenth Edition. 8s. 6d. net. Stained Glass Work. 10s. 6d. net. Silverwork and Jewellery. 8s. 6d. net. Embroidery and Tapestry Weaving. 10s. 6d. net. A detailed list of the Series will be sent free on request SIR ISAAC PITMAN & SONS, LTD. PARKER STREET, KINGSWAY, LONDON, W.C.2 --- INDISPENSABLE BOOKS ON ART AND DESIGN Any of these books will be sent on approval for three days on receipt of net price. Remittances will be refunded, less postage, if selected works are found unsuitable. FIGURES, FACES, AND FOLDS By ADOLPHE ARMAND BRAUN. A Reference Book for Fashion Artists, Dress Designers, and Art Students. Containing 300 Illustrations, including a special series of photographic studies from selected models. Demy 4to, paper covers. Price 18s. net; cloth, gilt, 21s. net (postage, 9d. extra). ANIMAL DRAWING AND ANATOMY By EDWIN NOBLE, F.Z.S., with a Preface by FRANK BRANGWYN, R.A. Illustrated by over 100 drawings by the Author of practically every kind of animal and bird, wild and domestic. Large 8vo, cloth. Price 12s. 6d. net (by post, 13s.). MODELLING AND SCULPTURE By F. J. GLASS, Headmaster of the School of Arts and Crafts, Doncaster. A Practical Treatise for Students, with a brief history of the Art, containing 137 pages and 295 Illustrations, including 140 Photographic Illustrations of work in progress, Tools, Materials, Historic and Modern Sculpture, Carving and Modelled Ornament, and 155 line illustrations in the text from the Author’s Drawings and Diagrams of Processes, Details, Anatomy, Ornament, etc. Price 18s. net (by post, 18s. 9d.). THE ART OF PEN DRAWING By G. M. ELLWOOD. A comprehensive illustrated treatise on the technique of drawing in pen and ink as applied to Illustration, Commercial Work, Architecture, Fashion Drawing, etc. With about 130 illustrations. Medium 8vo, cloth, gilt. Price 12s. net (by post, 12s. 6d.). THE ART OF DRAWING IN LEAD PENCIL By JASPER SALWEY, A.R.I.B.A. A Practical Manual dealing with Materials, Technique, Votes and Sketching, Building up, Form and Style, Process Reproductions, etc. Containing 232 pages with 122 reproductions of Land and Seascapes, Figure-Studies, Book-Illustrations, etc., by leading artists. Price 12s. 6d. net (by post, 13s.). Messrs. Batsford’s large and unique stock of new and second-hand books comprises a wonderful range of old and new works on all branches of Fine and Applied Art. Inspection invited Illustrated Catalogue (96 pages) and detailed Prospectuses will be sent on application. B. T. BATSFORD, LTD., Fine Art Publishers, 94 HIGH HOLBORN, LONDON SKETCHING IN LEAD PENCIL By JASPER SALWEY, A.R.I.B.A. Comprising 110 pages, with 56 Illustrations. Price 7s. 6d. net (by post, 8s.). In this volume the author differentiates the art of making rapid pencil sketches from that of finished drawings. SKETCHING FROM NATURE By F. J. GLASS. A Practical Treatise on the Principles of Pictorial Composition. Illustrated by 72 plates in line, half-tone and colour. Price 10s. 6d. net (by post, 11s.). DRAWING, DESIGN AND CRAFTWORK By FREDK. J. GLASS. With 1,750 Illustrations from the Author’s Drawings. Price 12s. net (by post, 12s. 6d.). This Book will be found of the greatest assistance to all working in the Applied Arts. The instruction is clear and lucid, and there are diagrams to illustrate every point and every difficulty. FASHION DRAWING AND DESIGN By LUIE CHADWICK. A Practical Manual for Fashion Artists and Dress Designers. Containing 260 pages of text with 170 Illustrations in line, wash, and colour. Price 15s. net (by post, 15s. 9d.). DRAWING FOR ART STUDENTS AND ILLUSTRATORS By ALLEN W. SEABY, Professor of Fine Art, University of Reading, Second Edition, revised. Containing 220 pages, with over 70 Illustrations. Price 10s. 6d. (by post, 11s.) A carefully graded course of instruction, written with remarkable clarity and full of good precepts. The greater portion is devoted to aspects which present difficulty, such as Tone Study, the Search for Form in Figure Drawing, etc. COMPOSITION By APRIL C. PEARCE, R.B.A., Department of Fine Arts, University of Reading. An Introduction to the Principles of Pictorial Design for the Use of Art Students, etc. With 160 Illustrations, including 6 Plates in Colour, Medium 8vo, cloth, gilt. Price 12s. 6d. net (by post, 13s.). AD. VII
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DER CICERONE The Leading European Art Review A fortnightly publication for Artists, Connoisseurs, and Collectors Edited by Professor Dr. Georg Biermann, Berlin Price quarterly 9 marks (gold marks) The “Cicerone” is the only German Art Periodical which is published twice monthly. The selection of its contributors, its beautiful illustrations in colour and monotone (nearly a thousand each year), guarantee the Cicerone an important position among the leading European Art Periodicals. KLINKHARDT & BIERMANN Publishers LIEBIGSTRASSE 6, LEIPZIG C.1 VOLUME XXI SAMPLE COPY—ONE SHILLING --- PRODUCTS of the Royal Sovereign Pencil Co., Ltd. BRITISH MADE THE BEST AT ANY PRICE We have been making pencils now for over 130 years, with the result that we are producing today pencils of British manufacture that are universally accepted as the best in the world. Royal Sovereigns are made in degrees from 6H to 6B. Obtainable from all Artist Material Dealers, Stores and Stationers. Makers of WOLFF’S CARBON DRAWING PENCILS Every Famous Artist knows them The Royal Sovereign Pencil Co., Ltd. Works at Neasden, London, N.W.10 AD. VIII --- GOOD SOCKS The Two Steeples St. Wolstan Wool No.83 Sock is ideal for comfort and service. It’s a good-looking ribbed sock made in a wide range of ingrain yarns in which there’s a shade for every suit. It is in excellent taste and has distinctive character due to skilful dyeing and blending of the St. Wolstan Wool which is the highest grade pure botany wool that can be bought. Ask your hosier for Two Steeples No.83 Socks Also ask for Two Steeples St. Wolstan Wool Underwear 4½ PAIR TWO STEEPLES LTD. WIGSTON LEICESTERSHIRE A SHADE FOR EVERY SUIT
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The EXTRA QUALITY Virginia PLAYER'S No. 3 Cigarettes can always be recommended... The tobacco in them has been specially selected for its quality. 10 for 8d. 20 for 1/4 50 for 3/3 100 for 6/4 WITH OR WITHOUT CORK TIPS PLAYER'S Nº3 Virginia Cigarettes --- Clyde Paper Co. Ltd. are makers of fine paper for every purpose—paper of incomparable quality —paper that gives real value to print. “The Studio” is printed on Clyde Paper. London: Johnston, Horsburgh & Co., 20-21 Queenhithe, E.C.4. Scotland: Strathie, Harrington & Co., 39 St. Andrew Square, Edinburgh. Provinces: Percy Westbrook & Co., 301-4 Corn Exchange Buildings, Cathedral Street, Manchester. Northern Ireland and Free State: R. Clapperton, 89 Moyne Road, Rathmines, Dublin. Wholesale only Rutherglen · Scotland AD. IX
